![]() Typically, they are a component with other forces in a force balance, and it is this balance that dictates the resulting behavior. Dispersion forces can play a critical role in materials applications. Development of solutions for generalized multilayer configurations of materials are needed for the treatment of more-complex problems, such as graded interfaces. Expanded databases of London dispersion spectra of materials will permit accurate estimation of both nonretarded and retarded dispersion forces in complex configurations. Opportunities include development of improved index approximations and parametric representations of the optical properties for estimation of Hamaker constants. With recent access to new experimental and ab initio tools for determination of optical properties of materials, dispersion force research has new opportunities for detailed studies. ![]() ![]() The force law scaling constant of the dispersion force, known as the Hamaker constant, can be determined from spectral or parametric optical properties of materials, combined with knowledge of the configuration of the materials. Dispersion forces are present for all materials and are intrinsically related to the optical properties and the underlying interband electronic structures of materials. London's and Hamaker's work on the point-to-point dispersion interaction and Lifshitz's development of the continuum theory of dispersion are the foundations of our understanding of dispersion forces. The London dispersion forces, along with the Debye and Keesom forces, constitute the long-range van der Waals forces.
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